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- <text id=93CT1635>
- <link 90TT2047>
- <link 90TT0853>
- <link 90TT0015>
- <link 89TT3111>
- <title>
- Brazil--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- South America
- Brazil
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Recent archeological discoveries suggest that Brazil may have
- been inhabited as long ago as 40,000 years. Additional research
- must be undertaken before these hypotheses, which may push the
- history of Western Hemisphere human occupation back by as many
- as 20,000 years, are universally accepted. In addition, there
- is continuing speculation that Brazil may have been visited by
- the 15th century Portuguese explorers who sailed widely in the
- South Atlantic, trading with Africa and settling the Azores and
- Madeira Islands.
- </p>
- <p> Brazil was formally claimed in 1500 by the Portuguese
- navigator Pedro Cabral. It was ruled from Lisbon as a colony
- until 1808 when the Portuguese royal family, having fled from
- Napoleon's army, established the seat of government first in
- Salvador and later in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil became a kingdom
- under Dom Joao VI, who returned to Portugal in 1821, leaving his
- son, Dom Pedro I, as regent. Dom Pedro I successfully declared
- Brazil's independence on September 7, 1822, and became emperor.
- Dom Pedro II, ruled from 1831 to 1889, when a federal republic
- was established.
- </p>
- <p> From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional
- democracy with a limited franchise. The presidency alternated
- between the dominant states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais. This
- period ended with a military coup by Getulio Vargas, who
- remained as dictator until 1945. From 1945 to 1961, Eurico
- Dutra, Vargas, Juscelina Kubitschek, and Janio Quadros were the
- elected presidents. When Quadors resigned in 1961, he was
- succeeded by Vice President Joao Goulart. Goulart's years in
- office were marked by high inflation, economic stagnation, and
- the increasing influence of radical political philosophies. The
- armed forces, alarmed by these developments, staged a coup on
- March 31, 1964. The coup leaders chose as president Army
- Marshal Humberto Castello Branco, who was elected by the
- National Congress on April 11, 1964. Castello Branco was
- followed by retired Army Marshal Arthus da Costa e Silva
- (1967-69), Gen. Emilio Garrastazu Medici (1969-74), and retired
- Gen. Ernesto Geisel (1974-79). Geisel began the political
- liberalization process, known as abertura or "opening," which
- was carried further by his successor, Gen. Joao Baptista de
- Oliveira Figueiredo (1979-85). Figueiredo not only permitted
- the return of politicians exiled or banned during the 1960s and
- early 1970s but also allowed them to run for state and federal
- offices in 1982, including the first direct elections for
- governor since 1966.
- </p>
- <p> However, the electoral college, consisting of all members of
- Congress and six delegates chosen from each stae, continued to
- choose the president. In January 1985, the electoral college
- picked Tancredo Neves from the opposition Brazilian Democratic
- Movement Party (PMDB). However, Tancredo Neves became ill in
- March and died a month later. His vice president, the former
- Senator Jose Sarney, who had been acting president since
- inauguration day, became president upon Neve's death.
- </p>
- <p> Brazil completed its transition to a popularly elected
- government in 1989, when Fernando Collor de Mello won 53% of the
- vote in the first direct presidential elections in 29 years.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Following the 1964 military coup, the 13 existing political
- parties were abolished, and two political organizations, the
- pro-government National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) and the
- opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), were formed.
- In 1979, under a government-sponsored bill approved by the
- congress this two-party system was allowed to reemerge. In
- 1989, more than 20 political parties participated in the
- campaign. The major parties are:
- </p>
- <p> PMDB - Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (Partido do
- Movimento Democratico Brasileiro). The country's largest party
- suffered defections in the 1989 compaign. Known as the MDB from
- 1966 to 1979, under military-dominated governments, the PMDB
- includes politicians ranging from conservative to left of
- center. Most state governors and almost all PMDB cabinet
- members belong to the conservative wing of the party. PMDB
- popular support is strongest in urban areas.
- </p>
- <p> PFL - Liberal Front Party (Partido da Frente Liberal). The
- country's second largest party; defeated in the 1989
- presidential caompaign, it is now aligned with President
- Fernando Collor de Mello. The PFL espouses views similar to
- those of the PDS, but looks to different political leaders and
- maintains fewer ties to the military establishment. The PFL is
- strongest in medium-sized towns and the more conservative
- cities, especially in the northeast. It was founded in 1985 by
- Democratic Social Party (PDS) dissidents.
- </p>
- <p> PSDB - Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social
- Democracia Brasileira). Led by Senator Mario Covas, the PSDB
- was founded in 1988 and includes prominent politicians who quit
- the PMDB, PFL, and PDT over political differences with national
- or state leaders of those parties. The PSDB advociates adoption
- of a parliamentary system of government in Brazil.
- </p>
- <p> PDS - Democratic Social Party (Partido Democratico Social).
- Founded in 1982, the PDS is the modern version of the ARENA
- party, which represented GOB interests during 21 years of
- military- dominated governments (1964-85). It advocates using
- foreign capital for economic development. Its popular support
- is greatest in certain rural strongholds and among upper/middle
- class in urban areas.
- </p>
- <p> PDT - Democratic Workers Party (Partido Democratico
- Trabalhista). The PDT is a populist party led by Leonel Brizola.
- It is strongest in Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, where
- Brizola was governor. Much of its support comes from slum
- dwellers and the rural poor. Founded in 1980 by former members
- of the Brazilian Labor Party (PTB).
- </p>
- <p> PTB - Brazilian Labor Party (Partido Trabalhista
- Brasileiro). The PTB, founded in 1945 is a populist party
- without a major national leader. It strongly supports organized
- labor but advocates center-right positions on many economic
- issues. PTB was the party of Getulio Vargas, one of Brazil's
- most popular presidents. For several decades, beginning in
- 1945, the PTB exercised political control over Brazil's labor
- sector. PTB support currently is strongest among urban working
- class, professionals, and small shopkeepers, particularly in Sao
- Paulo and Parana states.
- </p>
- <p> PT - Worker's Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores). Formed in
- 1978, the PT is Brazil's "European-style" leftist party, with
- a clearly defined ideology and program, strict party discipline,
- a hierarchical structure, and internal party democracy. It is
- strongest among intellectuals, organized labor, and the
- economically disadvantaged. It draws considerable support from
- the liberation-theology wing of the Catholic Church and from the
- labor confederation, the sole Workers Central (CUT). In 1988,
- it won mayoralities of important industrial cities, including
- that of Luiza Erundina in Sao Paulo and Olivio Dutra in Porto
- Alegre. In 1989, PT presidential candidate Luiz Inacio Lula da
- Silva lost to Collor in the second-round run-off election.
- </p>
- <p> PL - LIberal Party (Partido Liberal). The PL is a
- center-right party that is popular among small businessmen and
- has growing strength in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
- Presidential candidate Guilherme Afif Domingos has given the
- party greater name recognition.
- </p>
- <p> PRN - National Reconstruction Party (Partido da Reconstrucao
- Nacional). The PRN was created by Collor in 1989 and served as
- the vehicle for his 1989 presidential campaign. Collor and his
- advisers generally advociate free-market solutions to Brazil's
- economic problems. His electoral support was greatest in rural
- areas and in small towns across the country.
- </p>
- <p> PCB - Brazilian COmmunist Party (Partido Comunista
- Brasileiro). Founded in 1922, the PCB is ideologically communist
- but has cooperated with mayors and governors of more moderate
- parties. It supported the Sarney administration. It maintains
- ties with West European communist parties and identifies with
- Soviet President Gorbachev's reforms.
- </p>
- <p> PC do B - Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Communista do
- Brasil). The PC do B generally advocates more "revolutionary"
- positions than the PCB but has supported noncommunist
- candidates. Its electoral support is based within the
- universities. Former PCB members founded the party 1961. In
- the presidential elections, the PC do B was one of three parties
- in the Brazilian Popular Front (PF) coalition formed to support
- the PT candidacy of Lula.
- </p>
- <p> PSB - Brazilian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista
- Brasileiro). Founded in 1946, the PSB, a leftist party enjoying
- little popular support, was the third partner in Lula's PF.
- </p>
- <p> Brazil also boasts several dozen small parties, some of
- which (e.g., National Mobilization Party - PMN, Christian
- Democratic Party - PDC) are significant in specific regions or
- states.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- October 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-